Litteraturbase

The primary objectives of the IMPECT project have been to investigate how language and knowledge of society (KoS) requirements impact LESLLA learners’ conditions for language learning and integration and to provide an improved research base for policy makers, language test developers and educational practitioners to improve pedagogical practices in adult education.

The secondary objectives have been to:

1. evaluate the validity, ethics and justice of the use of language tests for migration purposes and the suitability of dominating validation frameworks (WP1)

2. identify the background variables that explain most of the test score variance (success/failure) and investigate which of the requirements (language or KoS tests) represent the biggest barrier for LESLLA-learners (WP2)

3. map the impact of language and KoS requirements on LESLLA learners in European countries with different levels of language policy strictness (WP3)

4. explore the relation between requirements, investment, L2-learning and social context of LESLLA (WP4)

5. provide guidelines for LESLLA responsible research methodology and dissemination practices (WP5)

In the overview below, we have gathered core literature used in the IMPECT project to reach these objectives.

Arendt, J. N., Bolvig, I., Foged, M., Hasager, L. & Peri, G. (2020). Integrating refugees: Language training or work-first incentives? (NBER Working Paper No. 26834). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w26834/revisions/w26834.rev0.pdf

Arendt, J. N., Dustmann, C. & Ku, H. (2023). Permanent Residency and Refugee Immigrants’ Skill Investment. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4527555

Arias, A., Vessey, R. & Sheyholislami, J. (2022). Jumping Through Hoops in the Canadian Immigration System: A Critical View of the Immigrant’s Journey to Citizenship. TESOL Quarterly, 56(4), 1430–1444. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3184

Baker, S., Naidoo L. & Azordegan, J. M. (2023). Education in Australia for forced migrants: examining the differences in entitlements between permanent and temporary protection. In H. Pinson, N. Bunar & D. Devine (Eds.), Research handbook on Migration and Education (pp. 509–524). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839106361.00044

Bassel, L., Monforte, P. & Khan, K. (2018). Making political citizens? Migrants' narratives of naturalization in the United Kingdom. Citizenship Studies, 22(3), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1449808

Bassel, L., Monforte, P. & Khan, K. (2021). Becoming an active citizen: The UK Citizenship Test. Ethnicities, 21(2), 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796820966360

Bassel, L., Monforte, P., Bartram, D. & Khan, K. (2021). Naturalization policies, citizenship regimes, and the regulation of belonging in anxious societies. Ethnicities, 21(2), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796820963959

Bauböck, R. & Goodman, S. W. (2011). Naturalisation (EUDO Citizenship Policy Brief No. 2011/2). European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, Robert Schuman Centre. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/51625

Bauer, S. (2025). Locating, Constructing, and Disciplining Self and Other: A Discourse Ethnography of Civic Orientation in Sweden. Göteborgsstudier i nordisk språkvetenskap 46. Göteborgs universitet. https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/84186?show=full

Bauer, S., Milani, T. M., von Brömssen, K. & Spehar, A. (2023). Constructing the “Good Citizen”: Discourses of Social Inclusion in Swedish Civic Orientation. Adult Migrants’ Language Learning, Labour Market, and Social Inclusion, 11(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v11i4.7060

Beacco, J.-C. (2005). Languages and language repertoires: Plurilingualism as a way of life in Europe (Reference study). Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/16802fc1ba

Beacco, J.-C., Little, D. & Hedges, C. (2014). Linguistic integration of adult migrants: Guide to policy development and implementation. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016802fd54a

Bech, E. C., Jensen, K. K., Mouritsen, P. & Olsen, T. V. (2017). Hvem er folket? Flyktninge og adgangen til dansk statsborgerskab. Politica, 49(3), 227–248. https://doi.org/10.7146/politica.v49i3.131246

Beiler, I. R., & Joke, D. (2024). “When we use that kind of language... someone is going to jail”: Relationality and aesthetic interpretation in initial research encounters. Applied Linguistics Review. https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3124950

Bencze, L. & Alsop, S. (2014). Activist Science and Technology Education. Springer.

Bendixsen, S. (2015). “Give me the damn papers!” Å vente på oppholdstillatelse. Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift, 26(3–4), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1504-2898-2015-03-04-07

Berger, E. & Lenz, P. (2014). Language requirements and language testing for immigration and integration purposes: A synthesis of academic literature (Report of the Research Centre on Multilingualism). Institute of Multilingualism. https://folia.unifr.ch/unifr/documents/303814

Bigelow, M. & Pettiit, N. (2016). Narrative of Ethical Dilemmas in Research with Immigrants with Limited Formal Schooling. In P. I. De Costa (Ed.), Ethics in Applied Lingusitics Research: Language Researcher Narratives (pp. 66–82). Routledge.

Blaasvær, N., Straumann, G. H., Kurtze, N., Meneses, J. F., Bidonde, J. & Berg, R. C. (2016). Språk- og samfunnskunnskap som vilkår for statsborgerskap: Systematisk litteratursøk med sortering (Rapport from 2016). Kunnskapssenteret for helsetjenesten i Folkehelseinstituttet. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2381618

Blackledge, A. (2009). “As a Country We Do Expect”: The Further Extension of Language Testing Regimes in the United Kingdom. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300802606465

Blom, S. & Enes, A. W. (2015). Introduksjonsordningen – en resultatstudie (Rapporter 2015/36). Statistics Norway. https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3009649

Blommaert, J. (2013). Citizenship, Language, and Superdiversity: Towards Complexity. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 12(3), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2013.797276

Böcker, A. & Strik, T. (2011). Language and Knowledge Tests for Permanent Residence Rights: Help or Hindrance for Integration? European Journal of Migration and Law, 13, 157–184. https://brill.com/view/journals/emil/13/2/article-p157_2.xml

Bonotti, M. & Willoughby, L. (2022). Citizenship, language tests, and political participation. Nations and Nationalism, 28(2), 449–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12799

Brekke, J.-P., Birkvad, S. R. & Erdal, M. B. (2019). Losing the Right to Stay: Revocation of immigrant residence permits and citizenship in Norway — Experiences and effects (Report 2019:9). Institute for Social Research. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2599967

Brinch, K., Olseth, T., von Mehren, L. S., Larsen, I. A., Cej, A., Winsnes, K., Rossow, Oftedal, A. & Birkeland, P. (2020). Utredning av hvilke personlige forutsetninger som kan være avgjørende for at en person ikke klarer å bestå prøve i norsk muntlig på nivå B1. Kompetanse Norge.

Brochmann, G. & Midtbøen, A. H. (2021). Philosophies of integration? Elite views on citizenship policies in Scandinavia. Ethnicities, 21(1), 146–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796820950453

Brubaker, R. (1992). Citizenship and nationhood in France and Germany. Harvard University Press.

Bruzos, A., Erdocia, I. & Khan, K. (2018). The path to naturalization in Spain: Old ideologies, new language testing regimes and the problem of test use. Lang Policy 17, 419–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-017-9452-4

Bugge, E. (2021). Talemål, identitet og tilhørighet. Sosiolingvistiske perspektiv på språkanalyse for beskyttelse og språkprøver for opphold og statsborgerskap. Målbryting, 12, 25–42. https://doi.org/10.7557/17.5926

Bugge, E. & Carlsen, C. H. (2023). Innledning: Voksne innvandrere som lærer andrespråk og skriftspråk samtidig. In E. Bugge & C. H. Carlsen (Eds.), Norsk som andrespråk – voksne innvandrere som utvikler skriftkyndighet på et andrespråk (pp. 13–30). Cappelen Damm Akademisk.

Burke, R., Thapliyal, N. & Baker, S. (2018). The Weaponization of Language: English Proficiency, Citizenship and the Politics of Belonging in Australia. Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis, 7(1), 84–102. https://www.iastatedigitalpress.com/jctp/article/id/601/

Burkholder, C. M. & Filion, M. (2014). Educating Adults for Citizenship: Critiquing Adequate Language Practices and Canada’s Citizenship Test. The Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education, 27(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.56105/cjsae.v27i1.3336

Byrne, B. (2017). Testing Times: The Place of the Citizenship Test in the UK Immigration Regime and New Citizens’ Response to it. Sociology, 51(2), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038515622908

Carens, J. (2013). The Ethics of Immigration. Oxford University Press.

Carlsen, C. H. (2017). Giving LESLLA Learners a Fair Chance in Testing. LESLLA Symposium Proceedings, 12(1), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8058941

Carlsen, C. H. (2024). Language Testing for Residence and Citizenship in Europe: Justifications, Consequences, and Debates. In A. J. Kunnan (Ed.), The Concise Companion to Language Assessment (pp. 401–431). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Carlsen, C. H. & Bugge, E. (2021). Språkkrav for statsborgerskap og hvordan de begrunnes. In M. Monsen & V. Pájaro (Eds.), Andrespråkslæring hos voksne: Vitenskapelige innsikter og didaktiske refleksjoner (pp. 191–215). Cappelen Damm Akademisk. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366863683_Sprakprover_for_statsborgerskap_og_hvordan_de_begrunnes

Carlsen, C. H. & Hamidi, H. (2023). Språklig rasialisering – språk og språkkravs rolle i strukturell rasisme. In E. Bugge & C. H. Carlsen (Eds.), Norsk som andrespråk – voksne innvandrere som utvikler skriftkyndighet på et andrespråk (pp. 74–96). Cappelen Damm Akademisk.

Carlsen, C. H. & Rocca, L. (2021). Language Test Misuse. Language Assessment Quarterly, 18(5), 477–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2021.1947288

Carlsen, C. H. & Rocca, L. (2022). Language test activism. Lang Policy, 21, 597–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-022-09614-7

Carlsen, C. H. & Rocca, L. (2023). Linguistic Integration of Adult Migrants with Poor Education and the Consequences of Migration Tests (LAPIM). Western Norway University of Applied Sciences.

Carlsen, C. H. & Rocca, L. (forthcoming). Language Policy Index for Migration (LAPIM) – background, development, & use. Language Policy.

Carlsen, C. H., Deygers, B., Rocca, L. & van Oers, R. (2023). The consequences of migration tests on low-literate adult migrants: a survey of teacher opinions in 20 European countries. 2023 AERA Annual Meeting, Proceedings, 1–13. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01GZK8XWTM80NH5AFVTJ9BJSA7

Carlsen, C. H., Rocca, L. & Sheils, J. (2023). Education for Integration: The Case of Adult Migrants. In M. Byram, M. Fleming & J. Sheils, (Eds.), Quality and Equity in Education: A Practical Guide to the Council of Europe Vision of Education for Plurilingual, Intercultural and Democratic Citizenship (chapter 10). Multilingual Matters. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370445040_Education_for_integration_-_the_case_of_adult_migrants

Cooke, M. (2009). Barrier or Entitlement? The Language and Citizenship Agenda in the United Kingdom. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300802606580

Council of Europe. (2016). Time for Europe to get migrant integration right (Issue paper). Commissioner for Human Rights. https://rm.coe.int/16806da596

Council of Europe. (2018). The Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture (Volume 2): Descriptors of competences for democratic culture. https://www.coe.int/en/web/reference-framework-of-competences-for-democratic-culture/rfcdc-volumes

Council of Europe. (2019). Human rights aspects of immigrant and refugee integration policies: A comparative assessment in selected Council of Europe member states (Issue paper). Special Representative of the Secretary General on migration and refugees. https://edoc.coe.int/en/migration/7908-human-rights-aspects-of-immigrant-and-refugee-integration-policies.html

Council of Europe. (2021). Council of Europe Action Plan on Protecting Vulnerable Persons in the Context of Migration and Asylum in Europe (2021–2025). https://edoc.coe.int/en/refugees/10241-council-of-europe-action-plan-on-protecting-vulnerable-persons-in-the-context-of-migration-and-asylum-in-europe-2021-2025.html

Council of Europe. (n.d.). Measurement and indicators of integration. Directorate of Social and Economic Affairs. https://www.coe.int/t/dg3/migration/archives/documentation/Series_Community_Relations/Measurement_indicators_integration_en.pdf

Dansk Flygtningehjælp. (2019). “Vi tager jo drømmene fra dem!” En undersøgelse af, hvordan frivillige i Dansk Flygtningehjælp oplever, at de seneste lovændringer på udlændinge- og integrationsområdet påvirker mennesker med flygtningebaggrund. https://integration.drc.ngo/media/5gjicxlg/vi-tager-jo-droemmene-fra-dem-undersoegelse_lovaendringer_2019.pdf

Davies, A. (1997). Introduction: the limits of ethics in language testing. Language Testing, 14(3), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229701400301

De Jong, J. H. A. L., Lennig, M., Kerkhoff, A. & Poelmans, P. (2009). Development of a Test of Spoken Dutch for Prospective Immigrants. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300802606564

de Leeuw, M. & van Wichelen, S. (2012). Civilizing migrants: Integration, culture and citizenship. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 15(2), 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549411432029

Denmark's Ministry of Immigration and Integration (2022). Indfødsretsprøven af 2021: Prøvedeltagere og resultater, november 2021, Koncernstyring og Tilsyn Udlændinge‐ og Integrationsministeriet. Udlændinge- og Integrationsministeriet. https://integrationsbarometer.dk/tal-og-analyser/filer-tal-og-analyser/filer-yderligere-analyser/Analyse_indfdsretsprvennovember2022_F229jun.pdf

Derwing, T. M., Munro, M. J., Mulder, M. & Abbott, M. (2010). An examination of the Canadian Language Benchmark data from the Citizenship Language Survey. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/research-stats/language-benchmark.pdf

Djuve, A. B., Kavli, H. C., Sterri, E. B. & Bråten, B. (2017). Introduksjonsprogram og norskopplæring: Hva virker – for hvem? (Fafo-rapport 2017:31). Fafo. https://www.fafo.no/zoo-publikasjoner/fafo-rapporter/introduksjonsprogram-og-norskopplaering

Djuve, A.-B. & Kavli, H. C. (2019). Refugee integration policy the Norway way – why good ideas fail and bad ideas prevail. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 25(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258918807135

Dovigo, F. (2023). The border within: decolonizing refugee students’ education. In H. Pinson, N. Bunar & D. Devine (Eds.), Research handbook on Migration and Education (pp. 22–36). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839106361.00007

Dronkers, J. & Vink, M. P. (2012). Explaining access to citizenship in Europe: How citizenship policies affect naturalization rates. European Union Politics, 13(3), 390–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116512440510

Eades, D. (2009). Testing the Claims of Asylum Seekers: The Role of Language Analysis. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300802606523

Eek, M. (2021). Språkhjelpere, investering og sosial rettferdighet: En undersøkelse av bruk av språkhjelpere i norskopplæringen for voksne nyankomne med liten formell skolebakgrunn [Doctoral thesis, Høgskolen i Innlandet]. https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2738680

Elias, S. B. (2016). Testing Citizenship. Boston University Law Review, 96, 2093–2169. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2776768

Ellermann, A. (2020). Human-capital citizenship and the changing logic of immigrant admissions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(12), 2515–2532. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1561062

Erdal, M. B., Bertelli, D., Kruse, M., Tjønn, M. H., Midtbøen, A. H., Brochmann, G., Bevelander, P., Mouritsen, P., Bech, E. C. & Jensen, K. K. (2019). Citizenship, Participation and Belonging in Scandinavia: Results from a survey among young adults of diverse origins in Norway, Sweden and Denmark (PRIO Paper 2019). Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). https://www.prio.org/publications/12138

Erdal, M. B., Doeland, E. M. & Tellander, E. (2018). How citizenship matters (or not): the citizenship-belonging nexus explored among residents in Oslo, Norway. Citizenship Studies, 22(7), 705–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1508415

European Migration Network. (2020). Pathways to citizenship for the third-country nationals in the EU (EMN Synthesis Report for the EMN Study 2019). Directorate General for Migration and Home Affairs, European Commission. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/whats-new/publications/pathways-citizenship-third-country-nationals-eu-member-states_en

Eurostat. (2018). Expert Group on Refugee and Internally Displaced Persons Statistics – International Recommendations on Refugee Statistics. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2785/52866

Ferwerda, J. & Finseraas, H. (2024). Do Integration Courses Influence Refugees’ Integration Trajectories? Evidence from Norway. The Journal of Politics. DOI: 10.1086/734247

Foged, M. & van der Werf, C. (2023). Access to Language Training and the Local Integration of Refugees. Labour Economics, 84, 102366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102366

Foged, M., Hasager, L., Peri, G., Arendt, J. N. & Bolvig, I. (2024). Language Training and Refugees' Integration. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 106(4), 1157–1166. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01216

Fortier, A.-M. (2017). The psychic life of policy: Desire, anxiety and 'citizenisation’ in Britain. Critical Social Policy, 37(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018316655934

Fortier, A.-M. (2018). On (Not) Speaking English: Colonial Legacies in Language Requirements for British Citizenship. Sociology, 52(6), 1253–1269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038517742854

Fortier, A.-M. (2021). Uncertain Citizenship: Life in the waiting room. Manchester University Press.

Fouka, V. (2024). State Policy and Immigrant Integration. Annual Review of Political Science, 27(1), 25–46. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051921-102651

Fox, J., Wesche, M., Bayliss, D., Cheng, L., Turner, C. E. % Doe, C. (2007). Language Testing Reconsidered. University of Ottawa Press.

Fulcher, G. (2009). Test use and Political Philosophy. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 29, 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190509090023

Garcia, N. (2016). V. Ramanathan (ed): Language Policies and (Dis)Citizenship: Rights, Access, Pedagogies. Language Policy, 15, 339–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-015-9385-8

Gathmann, C. & Garbers, J. (2022). Citizenship and Integration (Discussion Paper No. 15786). IZA Institute of Labor Economics. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4298821

Goodman, S. W. (2010). Integration Requirements for Integration’s Sake? Identifying, Categorizing and Comparing Civic Integration Policies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(5), 753–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691831003764300

Goodman, S. W. (2011). Controlling Immigration through Language and Country Knowledge Requirements. West European Politics, 34(2), 235–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2011.546569

Goodman, S. W. (2017). Immigration and Membership Politics in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press.

Goodman, S. W. (2023). Citizenship Studies: Policy Causes and Consequences. Annual Review of Political Science, 26(1), 135–152. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-051921-102729

Goodman, S. W. & Wright, M. (2015). Does Mandatory Integration Matter? Effects of Civic Requirements on Immigrant Socio-economic and Political Outcomes. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(12), 1885–1908. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1042434

Graeber, J. D. (2020). Quo vadis, citizenship? A long-term assessment of policy continuity, convergence, and change in contemporary Europe. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28(2), 236–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1724531

Grinden, L. (2023). På hvilken måte er motivationsteorien L2MSS relevant for LESLLA-innlærere? In E. Bugge & C. H. Carlsen (Eds.), Norsk som andrespråk – voksne innvandrere som utvikler skriftkyndighet på et andrespråk (pp. 116–132). Cappelen Damm Akademisk.

Grinden, L. & Botha, L. (2025). Learning Performatively for Research with Marginalized Populations: Developing Informed Consent with LESLLA Learners. Journal of Applied Social Science, 19(2), 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/19367244241307565

Groarke, S., Polakowski, M., Quinn, E. & McGinnity, F. (2020). Supporting integration? International practices on civics and language requirements linked to naturalization: Policy implications for Ireland. Economic & Social Research Institute; Department for Justice and Equality. https://doi.org/10.26504/bkmnext398

Gujord, A.-K. H. (2023). Who succeeds and who fails? Exploring the role of background variables in explaining the outcomes of L2 language tests. Language Testing, 40(2), 227–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/02655322221100115

Gujord, A.-K. H., Søfteland, Å. & Emilsen, L. E. (2023). Å forske på språkutviklinga hos innlærere med begrensa skolebakgrunn – metodiske valg og problemstillinger. Nordand, 18(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.18261/nordand.18.2.4

Gysen, S., Kuijper, H. & Van Avermaet, P. (2009). Language Testing in the Context of Immigration and Citizenship: The Case of the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium). Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300802606655

Hagelund, A. (2020). After the refugee crisis: public discourse and policy change in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Comparative Migration Studies, 8(13), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0169-8

Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D. & Pietrantuono, G. (2015). Naturalization fosters the long-term political integration of immigrants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(41), 12651–12656. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418794112

Han, C., Starkey, H. & Green, A. (2010). The politics of ESOL (English for speakers of other languages): implications for citizenship and social justice. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 29(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370903471304

Hanemann, U. (2018). Language and literacy programmes for migrants and refugees: challenges and ways forward. Background paper prepared for the 2019 Global education monitoring Report. Migration, displacement and education: Building bridges, not walls [40], 1–81. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000266077

Hansen, M. A. & Clemens, J. (2019). What to expect when you’re electing: the relationship between far-right strength and citizenship policy in Europe. Comparative European Politics, 17, 673–695. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-018-0120-7

Harding, L., Brunfaut, T. & Unger, J. W. (2020). Language Testing in the ‘Hostile Environment’: The Discursive Construction of ‘Secure English Language Testing’ in the UK. Applied Linguistics, 41(5), 662–687. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amz017

Hartonen, V. R., Väisänen, P., Karlsson, L. & Pöllänen, S. (2022). A stage of limbo: A meta-synthesis of refugees' liminality. Applied Psychology, 71(3), 1132–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12349

Henriksen, K. (2010). Introduksjonsprogrammet – en suksess? Søkelys på arbeidslivet, 27(3), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1504-7989-2010-03-06

Hogan-Brun, G., Mar-Molinero, C. & Stevenson, P. (2009). Discourses on Language and Integration: Critical perspectives on language testing regimes in Europe. John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Horner, K. (2015). Discourses on Language and Citizenship in Europe. Language and Linguistics Compass, 9(5), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12133

Howard, M. M. (2006). Comparative Citizenship: An Agenda for Cross-National Research. Perspective on Politics, 4(3), 443–455. DOI: 10.1017/S1537592706060294

Huddleston, T. & Vink, M. P. (2015). Full membership or equal rights? The link between naturalization and integration policies for immigrants in 29 European states. Comparative Migration Studies, 3(8), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-015-0006-7

Hyltenstam, K. (2019, February 20th). Replik: Argumentet är gripet ur luften. Tidningen Curie. https://www.tidningencurie.se/debatt/nar-far-forskare-ta-politisk-stallning/replik-argumentet-ar-gripet-ur-luften

Ihle, R. (2017). Integrering – samfunnsfellesskapets opptakskrav? Plan, 49(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1504-3045-2017-01-04

Innst. 190 S (2019-2020). Innstilling fra kontroll- og konstitusjonskomiteen om Riksrevisjonens undersøkelse av myndighetenes arbeid med å integrere flyktninger og innvandrere gjennom kvalifisering og arbeid. The Norwegian Standing Committee on Scrutiny and Constitutional Affairs (Kontroll- og konstitusjonskomiteen). https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Innstillinger/Stortinget/2019-2020/inns-201920-190s/?all=true

Jensen, K. K., Mouritsen, P., Bech, E. C. & Olsen, T. V. (2021). Roadblocks to citizenship: selection effects of restrictive naturalization rules. Journal of Ethic and Migration Studies, 47(5), 1047–1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1667757

Johnsson, F. (2020). Language requirements for Swedish citizenship [Master’s thesis, Stockholm university]. https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-202558

Johnsson, S. (2021, May 12th). Den nya migrations-politiken bygger på faktaresistens. Dagens Nyheter, pp. 6–7. https://www.dn.se/kultur/stefan-jonsson-den-nya-migrationspolitiken-bygger-pa-faktaresistens/

Joppke, C. (2007). Transformation of Citizenship: Status, Rights, Identity. Citizenship Studies, 11(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020601099831

Joppke, C. (2010). Citizenship and Immigration. Polity Press.

Joppke, C. (2012). Through the European looking glass: citizenship tests in the USA, Australia, and Canada. Citizenship Studies, 17(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2012.669965

Joppke, C. (2017). Civic integration in Western Europe: three debates. West European Politics, 40(6), 1153–1176. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1303252

Joppke, C. & Bauböck, R. (2010). How Liberal are Citizenship Tests? (EUI RSCAS, 2010/41). European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/13956

Juffs, A. (2005). Working Memory, Second Language Acquisition and Low-Educated Second Language and Literacy Learners. LESLLA Symposium Proceedings, 1(1), 89–110. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924929

Jurado, E. (2008). Citizenship: tool or reward? The role of citizenship policy in the process of integration. Policy Network Paper.

Kalloi, K. P., Wood, B. E. & Häkli, J. (2020). Lived citizenship: Conceptualising an emerging field. Citizenship studies, 24(2),1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2020.1739227

Karim, S. A. (2024). The symbolic violence of citizenship tests: low-schooled refugees narrate their experience. Citizenship Studies, 28(7), 728–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2025.2463659

Khan, K. (2014). Citizenship, securitization and suspicion in UK ESOL policy. Working Papers in Urban Language and Literacies, Paper 130, 1–14. https://wpull.org/product/wp130-citizenship-securitization-and-suspicion-in-uk-esol-policy/

Khan, K. (2022). The Securitization of Language Borders and the (Re)production of inequalities. TESOL Quarterly, 56(4), 1458–1470. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3186

Khan, K. & McNamara, T. (2017). Citizenship, immigration laws, and language. In S. Canagarajah (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language (pp. 451–467). Routledge.

Kiwan, D. (2011). ‘National’ citizenship in the UK? Education and naturalization policies in the context of internal division. Ethnicities, 11(3), 269–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796811407811

Kostakopoulou, D. (2010). Matters of Control: Integration Tests, Naturalisation Reform and Probationary Citizenship in the United Kingdom. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(5), 829–846. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691831003764367

Kosyakova, Y., Kristen, C. & Spörlein, C. 2022. The dynamics of recent refugees’ language acquisition: how do their pathways compare to those of other new immigrants? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(5), 989–1012. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2021.1988845

Kristen, C. & Seuring, J. (2021). Destination-language acquisition of recently arrived immigrants. Do refugees differ from other immigrants? Journal for Educational Research Online, 13(1), 128–156. https://doi.org/10.31244/jero.2021.01.05

Krumm, H.-J. & Plutzar, V. (2004). Tailoring language provision and requirements to the needs and capacities of adult migrants. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/16802fc1c8

Kunnan, A. J. (2009). Testing for Citizenship: The U.S. Naturalization Test. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300802606630

Kunnan, A. J. (2021). Revisiting language assessment for immigration and citizenship: The case of US citizenship and the Naturalization Test. In F. Fulcher & L. Harding (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Language Testing (2^nd edition, pp. 96–116). Routledge.

Kurvers, J., Vallen, T., & van IIout, R. (2006). Discovering Language: Metalinguistic Awareness of Adult Illiterates. LESLLA Symposium Proceedings, 1(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7992872

Kymlicka, W. (2003). Immigration, Citizenship, Multiculturalism: Exploring the Links. The Political Quarterly, 74(s1), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2003.00590.x

Lee, M. (2011). Is Multiculturalism a Poison to National Identity? Looking Behind the Façade of Language Testing Regimes. Language Assessment Quarterly, 8(1), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2010.543445

Little, D. (2012). The linguistic integration of adult migrants and the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Council of Europe, Language Policy Unit. https://rm.coe.int/16802fc1cb

Lønsmann, D. (2023). Beyond Language: The Complex Positioning Work by Language Teachers in an Integration Classroom. Applied Linguistics, 44(4), 678–697. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amac053

Loring, A. & Ramanathan, P. V. (2016). Language, Immigration and Naturalization: Legal and Linguistic Issues. Multilingual Matters.

Löwenheim, O. & Gazit, O. (2009). Power and Examination: A Critique of Citizenship Tests. Security Dialogue, 40(2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010609103074

Lunde, H. (2022). Tidligere deltakere i introduksjonsordningen 2005-2019 (Rapporter 2022/52). Statistics Norway. https://www.ssb.no/utdanning/voksenopplaering/artikler/tidligere-deltakere-i-introduksjonsordningen-2005-2019

Lundell, F. F. (2020). Krävande krav. Vad ska språkkrav vara bra för? Timbro. https://timbro.se/integration/kravande-krav-vad-ska-sprakkrav-vara-bra-for/

Lynch, B. K. (1997). In search of the ethical test. Language Testing, 14(3), 315-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229701400308

Matsugu, S. (2011). Language Testing: The Social Dimension, by Tim McNamara and Carsten Roever. Language Assessment Quarterly, 8(1), 99–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2010.543996

McLeod, M. (2023). English-Language Proficiency Requirements for Migration to Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and the Implications for Language Testing Research. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 26(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.37213/cjal.2023.32825

McNamara, T. (2005). 21st Century Shibboleth: Language Tests, Identity and Intergroup Conflict. Lang Policy, 4, 351–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-005-2886-0

McNamara, T. (2006). Validity in Language Testing: The Challenge of Sam Messick’s Legacy. Language Assessment Quarterly, 3(1), 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15434311laq0301_3

McNamara, T. (2009). Australia: The Dictation Test Redux? Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 106–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300802606663

McNamara, T. (2009). Language tests and social policy: A commentary. In G. Hogan-Brun, C. Mar-Molinero & P. Stevenson (Eds.), Discourses on Language and Integration: Critical perspectives on language testing regimes in Europe (pp. 153–164). https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.33.12nam

McNamara, T. (2010). The use of language tests in the service of policy: issues of validity. Revue française de linguistique appliquée, 15, 7–23. https://shs.cairn.info/revue-francaise-de-linguistique-appliquee-2010-1-page-7?lang=en

McNamara, T. (2020). The Anti-Shibboleth: The Traumatic Character of the Shibboleth as Silence. Applied Linguistics, 41(3), 334–351. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amaa007

McNamara, T. & Ryan, K. (2011). Fairness Versus Justice in Language Testing: The Place of English Literacy in the Australian Citizenship Test. Language Assessment Quarterly, 8(2), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2011.565438

McNamara, T. & Shohamy, E. (2008). Language tests and human rights. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 18(1), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2008.00191.x

McNamara, T., Van Den Hazelkamp, C. & Verrips, M. (2016). LADO as a Language Test: Issues of Validity. Applied Linguistics, 37(2), 262–283. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu023

Messick, S. (1981). Evidence and Ethics in the Evaluation of Tests. Educational Researcher, 10(9), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/1174731

Michalowski, I. (2011). Required to assimilate? The content of citizenship tests in five countries. Citizenship Studies, 15(6–7), 749–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2011.600116

Midtbøen, A. H. (2015). Citizenship, integration and the quest for social cohesion: nationality reform in the Scandinavian countries. Comparative Migration Studies, 3(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40878-015-0002-y

Midtbøen, A. H., Birkvad, S. R. & Erdal, M. B. (2018). Citizenship in the Nordic countries: Past, present, future. The Nordic Council of Ministers. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2500935

Midtbøen, A. H., Brochmann, G., Erdal, M. B., Kruse, M., Jensen, K. K., Bevelander, P., Mouritsen, P. & Bech, E. C. (2020). Assessments of citizenship criteria: are immigrants more liberal? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(13), 2625–2646. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1756762

Milani, T. M. (2008). Language testing and citizenship: A language ideological debate in Sweden. Language in Society, 37(1), 27–59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404508080020

Milani, T., Bauer, S., Carlson, M., Spehar, A. & von Brömssen, K. (2021). Citizenship as status, habitus and acts: Language requirements and civic orientation in Sweden. Citizenship Studies, 25(6), 756-772. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2021.1968698

Millar, J. D. (2014). The Revaluation of the National Language in a Post-National Era: Language Policy and the Governance of Migration and Citizenship [Doctoral thesis, York University]. http://hdl.handle.net/10315/28250

Monforte, P., Bassel, L. & Khan, K. (2019). Deserving citizenship? Exploring migrants' experiences of the 'citizenship test' process in the United Kingdom. The British Journal of Sociology, 70(1), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12351

Motha, S. & Lin, A. (2013). “Non-coercive Rearrangements”: Theorizing Desire in TESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 48(2), 331–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.126

Mouritsen, P. (2013). The resilience of citizenship traditions: Civic integration in Germany, Great Britain, and Denmark. Ethnicities, 13(1), 86–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812451220

Mouritsen, P., Jensen, K. K. & Larin, S. J. (2019). Introduction: Theorizing the civic turn in European integration policies. Ethnicities, 19(4), 595–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819843532

Mouti, A. & Rocca, L. (2023). Linguistic Integration of Adult Migrants in Greece and Italy: Language Requirements and Learning Opportunities in L2 Greek and L2 Italian. Social Sciences, 12(12), 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12120668

Ndhlovu, F. (2019). Language and Citizenship Tests: Unsettling the habitus of trickster global coloniality. Social Alternatives, 38(4), 26–34. https://hdl.handle.net/1959.11/29867

Nordanger, M. & Bugge, E. (2025). Language learning in liminal spaces: low literate migrants’ narratives of formal requirements for legal integration. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 46(4), 526–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2025.2482061

Nordanger, M. & Egeland, B. L. (2024). Between a rock and a hard place: Introduction program teachers’ narrated experiences of residency and citizenship language requirements in Scandinavia. Linguistics and Education, 83, 101332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2024.101332

Nordanger, M., Carlsen, C. H. & Bugge, E. (2023). Forskning på samtidig andrespråks- og litterasitetstilegnelse hos voksne: En sonderende oversikt over LESLLA-nettverkets konferansepublikasjoner. In E. Bugge & C. H. Carlsen (Eds.), Norsk som andrespråk – voksne innvandrere som utvikler skriftkyndighet på et andrespråk (pp. 21–48). Cappelen Damm Akademisk.

Nordanger, M., Carlsen, C. H. & Bugge, E. (2024). Research on simultaneous second language and literacy acquisition in adults: A scoping review of the LESLLA symposium proceedings. LESSLA Symposium Proceedings, 19(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14013275

Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E. & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847

OECD. (2020). International Migration Outlook 2020. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/ec98f531-en

Paquet, M. (2012). Beyond Appearances: Citizenship Tests in Canada and the UK. Int. Migration & Integration, 13, 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-011-0233-1

Parliamentary Assembly. (2001). Participation of immigrants and foreign residents in political life in the Council of Europe member states (Recommendation 1500). Council of Europe. https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=16876&lang=en

Parliamentary Assembly. (2003). Policies for the integration of immigrants in Council of Europe member states (Recommendation 1625). Council of Europe. https://pace.coe.int/en/files/17150/html

Parliamentary Assembly. (2004). Human mobility and the right to family reunion (Recommendation 1686, Final version). Council of Europe. https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-EN.asp?fileid=17277&lang=en

Parliamentary Assembly. (2005). Migration and integration: a challenge and an opportunity for Europe (Resolution 1437). Council of Europe. https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17325&lang=en

Parliamentary Assembly. (2013). Integration tests: helping or hindering integration? (Report, Provisional version). Council of Europe. https://www.ecml.at/Portals/1/EasyDNNNewsDocuments/amdoc11_2013TA.pdf

Parliamentary Assembly. (2014). Integration tests: helping or hindering integration? (Recommendation 2034, Final version). Council of Europe. https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=20482&lang=en

Peoples, C. and Vaughan-Williams, N. (2020). Critical Security Studies: An Introduction (3^rd edition). Routledge.

Peters, F. & Vink, M. (2023). Heterogeneous Naturalization Effects of Dual Citizenship Reform in Migrant Destinations: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Europe (American Political Science Review). https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/skvfp

Peters, F., Vink, M. & Schmeets, H. (2017). Anticipating the citizenship premium: before and after effects of immigrant naturalisation on employment. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(7), 1051–1080. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1367650

Pettersen, S. V. (2012). Overgang til norsk statsborgerskap 1977–2011 (Rapporter 25/2012). Statistics Norway. https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/overgang-til-norsk-statsborgerskap-1977-2011

Piller, I. (2001). Naturalization language testing and its basis in ideologies of national identity and citizenship. International Journal of Bilingualism, 5(3), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069010050030201

Pinson, H., Devine, D. & Bunar, N. (2023). Introduction: education and migration as a field of research. In H. Pinson, N. Bunar & D. Devine (Eds.), Research Handbook on Migration and Education (pp. 1–22). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839106361.00005

Pooley, T. (2008). Clare Mar-Molinero and Patrick Stevenson (eds): Language Ideologies, Policies and Practices. Languages and the Future of Europe. Lang Policy, 7, 389–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-007-9067-2

Pöyhönen, S., Simpson, J. (2021). Contesting language policy for asylum seekers in the Northern periphery: the story of Tailor F. Lang Policy 20, 261–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-020-09554-0

Pulinx, R. (2017). The dynamics of teachers’ beliefs about language, citizenship and social interaction. Echoes of monolingualism in Flemish classrooms. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8542188

Pulinx, R. & Van Avermaet, P. (2015). Integration in Flanders (Belgium) – Citizenship as achievement: How intertwined are ‘citizenship’ and ‘integration’ in Flemish language policies? Journal of Language and Politics, 14(3), 335–358. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.14.3.02pul

Pulinx, R., Van Avermaet, P. & Extramiana, C. (2014). Linguistic Integration of Adult Migrants: Policy and practice. Final Report on the 3^rd Council of Europe Survey. Council of Europe, Education Policy Unit. https://rm.coe.int/16802fc1ce

Reay, D. (2005). Beyond Consciousness?: The Psychic Landscape of Social Class. Sociology, 39(5), 911–928. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038505058372

Rehnberg, P. (2024). Language and Civic Education Requirements – Gatekeepers or Tools for Economic Integration? A multilevel analysis of their effects on the labor market participation of immigrants in Europe [Master’s thesis, Stockholm university]. https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1888837&dswid=673

Rich, A.-K. (2016). First-time asylum applicants in Germany in 2015: Social structure, level of qualifications and employment (BAMF-Brief Analysis, 3-2016). German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-67503-7

Rocca, L., Carlsen, C. H. & Deygers, B. (2020). Linguistic integration of adult migrants: Requirements and learning opportunities. Report on the 2018 Council of Europe and ALTE survey on language and knowledge of society policies for migrants. Council of Europe. https://www.coe.int/en/web/education/-/-linguistic-integration-of-adult-migrants-requirements-and-learning-opportunities-council-of-europe-and-alte-report

Røed, M., Schøne, P. & Umblijs, J. (2019). Flyktningers deltagelse i arbeid og utdanning, før og etter introduksjonsordningen. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2597916

Roth, W.-M. (2010). Activism: A Category for Theorizing Learning. Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 10(3), 278–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/14926156.2010.504493

Sarvimäki, M. & Hämäläinen, K. (2016). Integrating Immigrants: The Impact of Restructuring Active Labor Market Programs. Journal of Labor Economics, 34(2), 479–508. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26553210

Saville, N. (2009). Language Assessment in the Management of International Migration: A Framework for Considering the Issues. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300802606499

Schildt, L., Deygers, B. & Weideman, A. (2024). Language testers and their place in the policy web. Language Testing, 41(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/02655322231191133

Schissel, J. L. (2024). Humanizing assessment: decolonizing, historicizing, and communing with language-minoritized communities. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 22(2), 128–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2024.2339331

Schissel, J. L. & Khan, K. (2021). Responsibilities and opportunities in language testing with respect to historicized forms of socio-political discrimination: A matter of academic citizenship. Language Testing, 38(4), 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1177/02655322211028590

Schmid, S. D. (2021). Stagnated Liberalization, Long-term Convergence, and Index Methodology: Three Lessons from the CITRIX Citizenship Policy Dataset. Global Policy, 12(3), 338–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12903

Schüpbach, D. (2009). Testing Language, Testing Ethnicity? Policies and Practices Surrounding the Ethnic German Aussiedler. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 78–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300802606614

Shohamy, E. (1997). Testing methods, testing consequences: are they ethical? are they fair? Language Testing, 14(3), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229701400310

Shohamy, E. (1998). Critical language testing and beyond. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 24(4), 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-491X(98)00020-0

Shohamy, E. (2001). Democratic assessment as an alternative. Language Testing, 18(4), 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/026553220101800404

Shohamy, E. (2001). The Power of Tests: A Critical Perspective on the Uses of Language Tests. Pearson Education Limited.

Shohamy, E. (2006). Language Policy: Hidden agendas and new approaches. Routledge.

Shohamy, E. (2007). Language tests as language policy tools. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 14(1), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/09695940701272948

Shohamy, E. (2008). Language Policy and Language Assessment: The Relationship. Current Issues in Language Planning, 9(3), 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664200802139604

Shohamy, E. (2017). Critical Language Testing. In E. Shohamy, I. G. Or & S. May (Eds.), Language Testing and Assessment (p. 441–454). Springer.

Shohamy, E. (2022). Critical Language Testing, Multilingualism and Social Justice. TESOL Quarterly, 56(4), 1445–1457. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3185

Shohamy, E. & McNamara, T. (2009). Language Tests for Citizenship, Immigration, and Asylum. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300802606440

Simonsen, K. B. (2018). Inclusive or Exclusive? How Contact with Host Nationals May Change Immigrants' Boundary Perceptions and Foster Identity Compatibility. The International Migration Review, 52(4), 1011–1039. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48774612

Slade, C. (2010). Shifting Landscapes of Citizenship. In C. Slade & M. Möllering (Eds.), From Migrant to Citizen: Testing Language, Testing Culture (pp 3–23). Palgrave Macmillan.

Spolsky, B. (2009). Editor’s Introduction. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 29, vii–xii. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190509090011

Spotti, M. (2013). Language Testing for Immigration and Citizenship in the Netherlands. In A. J. Kunnan (Ed.), The Companion to Language Assessment, (pp. 390–403). Wilay-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118411360.wbcla108

Steien, G. B. & Monsen, M. (2023). Språklæring og tvungen migrasjon: en etnografisk tilnærming. Acta Didactica Norden, 17(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5617/adno.9655

Strik, T., Böcker, A., Luiten, M. & van Oers, R. (2010). The INTEC Project: Synthesis Report. Integration and Naturalisation Tests: The New Way to European Citizenship (Nijmegen Migration Law Working Papers Series 2010/18). Centre for Migration Law. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276268169_Synthesis_Report_Integration_and_Naturalisation_Tests_The_New_Way_to_European_Citizenship

Tarone, E., Bigelow, M. & Hansen, K. (2009). Literacy and Second Language Oracy. Oxford University Press.

Telle, J. B. & Bugge, E. (2023). Ulike kapitalformer hos deltakere i norskopplæring og arbeidsliv. In E. Bugge & C. H. Carlsen (Eds.), Norsk som andrespråk – voksne innvandrere som utvikler skriftkyndighet på et andrespråk (pp. 133–149). Cappelen Damm Akademisk.

Turner, J. (2014). Testing the liberal subject: (in)security, responsibility and ‘self-improvement’ in the UK citizenship test. Citizenship Studies, 18(3–4), 332–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2014.905273

Turner, V. (1969). The ritual process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Routledge.

UKOM. (2021). Undersøkelse etter drukningstragedien i Tromsø: Hva kan vi lære om integrering og flyktninghelse? (Rapport 3-2021). Statens undersøkelseskommisjon for helse- og omsorgstjenesten. https://ukom.no/rapporter/undersokelse-etter-drukningstragedien-i-tromso/innledning

Van Avermaet, P. (2009). Fortress Europe? Language policy regimes for immigration and citizenship. In G. Hogan-Brun, C. Mar-Molinero & P. Stevenson (Eds.), Discourses on Language and Integration: Critical perspectives on language testing regimes in Europe (pp. 15–44). https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.33.06ave

Van Avermaet, P. & Extramiana, C. (2011). Language requirements for adult migrants in Council of Europe member states: Report on a survey. Council of Europe, Language Policy Division. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-4270373

Van Avermaet, P. & Pulinx, R. (2014). Language Testing for Immigration to Europe. In A. J. Kunnan (Ed.). The Concise Companion to Language Assessment (pp. 376–389). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118411360.wbcla132

van Oers, R. (2013). Deserving Citizenship: Citizenship Tests in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

van Oers, R. (2021). Deserving citizenship in Germany and The Netherlands. Citizenship tests in liberal democracies. Ethnicities, 21(2), 271–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796820965785

van Oers, R. (2021). Kroniek inburgering. Asiel & Migrantenrecht, 12(2), 96-106. https://hdl.handle.net/2066/230853

van Oers, R., Ersbøll, R. & Kostakopoulou, D. (2010). A Re-definition of Belonging? Language and Integration Tests in Europe. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Viblemo, T. E., Gustafsson, M., Ersbøll, E., Damsholt, T., Aagedal, O. Slottved, M. & Salomonsen, J. (2010). Rettigheter og tilhørighet: Evaluering av statsborgerregelverket. Barne- og familiedepartementet. https://kudos.dfo.no/dokument/7561/rettigheter-og-tilhorighet

Vink, M. P., Prokic-Breuer, T. & Dronkers, J. (2013). Immigrant Naturalization in the Context of Institutional Diversity: Policy Matters, but to Whom? International Migration, 51(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12106

Vink, M., Tegunimataka, A., Peters, F. & Bevelander, P. (2021). Long-term Heterogeneity in Immigrant Naturalisation: The Conditional Relevance of Civic Integration and Dual Citizenship. European Sociological Review, 37(5), 751–765. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa068

Weiss, N. & Gren, N. (2021). Mission impossible? The Moral Discomfort Among Swedish and Norwegian Welfare Bureaucrats Encountering Refugees. Nordic Welfare Research, 6(3), 192–203. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.2464-4161-2021-03-06

Welply, O. (2023). Migration and education in the media: a discourse analysis of the press in France and England. In H. Pinson, N. Bunar & D. Devine (Eds.), Research handbook on Migration and Education (pp. 434–448). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839106361.00039

Wodak, R. (2012). Language, power and identity. Language Teaching, 45(2), 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000048

Wodak, R. (2013). Dis-Citizenship and Migration: A Critical Discourse-Analytical Perspective. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 12(3), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2013.797258

Womersley, G. (2019). A Sociocultural Exploration of Shame and Trauma Among Refugee Victims of Torture. In C.-H. Mayer & E. Vanderheiden (Eds.), The Bright Side of Shame: Transforming and Growing Through Practical Applications in Cultural Contexts (pp. 103–116). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13409-9_8

Yao, D. & Wallace, M. P. (2021). Language Assessment for Immigration: A Review of Validation Research Over the Last Two Decades. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.773132

Yuval-Davies, N., Wemyss, G. & Cassidy, K. (2018). Everyday Bordering, Belonging and the Reorientation of British Immigration Legislation. Sociology, 52(2), 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038517702599

Zabrodskaja, A. (2009). Language Testing in the Context of Citizenship and Asylum: The Case of Estonia. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300802606572

Endra 24.10.25